這個「由大腦做認知工作」的現象,帶來一個生理上的問題,也啟發了一個很著名的哲學理論。早在十六世紀,法國有一位外科醫生Ambroise Pare注意到,有些失去了肢體(例如一隻手在手術中被切去了)的病人,仍能「感覺」那失去肢體(手)尚是附着在自己的軀幹上,像是在手術未施行前一般。去到十九世紀,美國一位神經科醫生在內戰後的士兵身上,發覺有這現象廣泛發生,他稱之為「幻肢」Phantom Limb。幻肢當然只是一種幻覺,但這幻覺可帶來嚴重的後果:病人會在幻肢上產生疼痛感,是為「幻痛」Phantom Pain;幻痛的程度,可以達到難以忍受的境界,但因為是虛無飄渺的,要醫理,大會是不知從何著手。為什麼會產生這種幻覺?較可接受的理論,基於大腦中的「分工」,個別不同的部位(大腦皮質的感覺區)處理來自不同地方的訊息。假如接收「手」訊息的感覺區與接收「面部」訊息的感覺區相鄰,觸動了後者,自會引發前者產生知覺。
顧小培
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人工智能研究治療血管硬化
人工智能在治療血管硬化方面具有廣泛的應用前景,包括以下幾個方面:
診斷和分期:人工智能可以通過分析醫學影像數據,如超聲波、CT、MRI等,對血管硬化的程度和位置進行準確診斷和分期。同時,人工智能可以結合患者的病史、生化指標和生理參數等數據,進行綜合評估和預測。
治療方案制定:人工智能可以根據患者的診斷結果和綜合評估,制定個性化的治療方案。通過分析大量的臨床數據和治療效果數據,人工智能可以幫助醫生選擇最優的治療方案,提高治療效果和患者的生活質量。
監測和跟蹤:人工智能可以通過監測患者的生物數據,如血壓、心率、血糖、膽固醇等,及時發現並糾正治療中出現的問題。同時,人工智能也可以對患者的生活方式和環境進行監測和跟蹤,提供個性化的健康建議和預防措施。
預測和風險評估:人工智能可以通過分析患者的生物數據和生活方式數據,預測患者的疾病風險和發展趨勢,提供個性化的預防和幹預方案,從而預防血管硬化的發生和發展。
總之,人工智能在治療血管硬化方面具有廣泛的應用前景,可以幫助提高血管硬化的診斷和治療效果,預測和預防血管硬化的發生和發展,從而改善患者的生活質量。
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Phantom pain is a type of pain that is experienced in a body part that has been amputated. It is a complex and poorly understood phenomenon, but it is thought to occur due to changes in the way the brain processes sensory information after an amputation. The pain is often described as a burning, aching, or shooting sensation and can be extremely debilitating.
The exact cause of phantom pain is not known, but it is thought to be due to a combination of physical and psychological factors. Some of these factors include changes in the way the brain processes sensory information, the formation of abnormal nerve connections, and the development of psychological distress or anxiety.
Treatment for phantom pain can be challenging, as the pain is not always responsive to traditional pain management techniques. However, there are a number of treatments that have been found to be effective, including medication, nerve stimulation techniques, physical therapy, and psychological counseling. In some cases, a combination of these treatments may be needed to manage the pain.
It is important for people with phantom pain to work with their healthcare providers to find the treatment plan that is best for them. This may involve trying a number of different treatments and making adjustments along the way to achieve the best possible outcome.
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